Review Bhagavad Gita 4.19-4.23: Krishna describes the sage whose action is purified by wisdom, free from result-claim, steady in success and failure, and offered as worship.
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Question 1
Why do the wise call a person a sage in verse 4.19?
Verse 4.19 defines the sage by purified action, not by passivity. The fire of Gyan burns selfish planning and egoic motive, so work no longer binds in the usual way.
What does verse 4.20 mean by saying such a person "does nothing" even while acting?
Krishna is describing inner non-doership, not laziness. The action happens, but the binding claim of "I am the owner of this result" has been given up.
What conditions let action remain untainted in verse 4.21?
Verse 4.21 is practical: expect nothing, control the mind and personality, avoid greed, and do what duty requires. Such action does not stain the inner life.
How does verse 4.23 summarize the section's teaching about work?
The section closes by showing the key to non-binding action: the work is still done, but attachment and personal claim are offered away. Action becomes Yagya.